All Issue

2021 Vol.1, Issue 1

Original Articles

Growth and Survival Rate of Transplanted Ecklonia cava and Sargassum macrocarpum on Subtidal Artificial Reefs

조하대 인공기질에 이식된 감태(Ecklonia cava)와 큰열매모자반(Sargassum macrocarpum)의 생존률과 생장

Jeong Chan Kang1
,
Chong-Hyun Hong2
,
Hyung Woo Lee1
,
Myung Sook Kim13*
강 정찬1
,
홍 종현2
,
이 형우1
,
김 명숙13*
1Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
2Department of Civil Enginneering, Jeju International University, Jeju 63309, Korea
3Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
1제주대학교 기초과학연구소
2제주국제대학교 토목공학과
3제주대학교 생물학과
*Corresponding Author
30 June 2021. pp. 1-14
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

The method for fixing finger-like holdfasts with zip tie on the polyethylene (PE) rope have been used to transplant perennial laminarian algae such as Ecklonia spp. to the artificial reefs. However, this method has not been available for perennial fucan species such as Myagropsis and Sargassum due to their discoid or conical holdfast. We examined the growth pattern and survival rate of transplanted Sargassum macrocarpum fixed on artificial reefs using PE rope with epoxy resin and instant glue. To compare the survival rate between our new method and the zip tie method for the taxa with a finger-like holdfast, we additionally transplanted Ecklonia cava on the artificial reefs. The test was set to three groups such as Ecklonia group, Sargassum group, and combined both species group, and monitored the number of surviving individuals and frond length during a year. The annual survival rates were 28.8% in E. cava and 56.9% in S. macrocarpum. The rate from the three group were higher in combined group (59.0%) than two other groups: Ecklonia group, 27.5%; Sargassum group, 42.1%. The highest frond length was recorded in April and June in E. cava (47.5 cm) and S. macrocarpum (121.0 cm), respectively. The mature fronds of two species with reproductive conceptacles were observed in August. This study indicates that our transplanting application is one of the most effective technique for making marine forests on the artificial reefs. Moreover, the survival rate of transplanted seaweeds could be improved by combining different taxa rather than simply one species.

Keywords
Artificial reef
Conical holdfast
Ecklonia cava
Growth
Sargassum macrocarpum
Survival rate, Transplantation

해중림을 조성하기 위하여 부착기를 케이블타이(zip-tie) 등으로 PE (Polyethylene) 로프에 고정한 후 이 이식로프를 인공기질에 부착하는 방법은 감태류(Ecklonia spp.) 등 대형 수지상 가근을 가진 다년생 엽상형 갈조류 이식에 흔히 사용되어 왔다. 그러나 반상 또는 원추상 부착기를 가진 다년생 모자반과(Sargassaceae) 해조류는 부착기의 구조상 이 방법을 적용하기 곤란하다. 이 연구는 에폭시 수지 및 순간접착제를 이용하여 큰열매모자반(Sargassum macrocarpum)의 원추상 부착기를 PE 로프에 고정한 후, 이 이식로프를 인공기질에 부착시켜 이식된 해조류의 생장 양상 및 생존률을 1년간 모니터링함으로써 이 이식 방법의 효과를 규명하였다. 이 연구에서 고안된 새로운 이식방법과 케이블타이를 이용한 이식 방법 사이의 효과를 비교하기 위하여 추가적으로 감태(Ecklonia cava)도 인공기질에 이식하여 생장 양상 및 생존률을 관찰하였다. 이식 개체군들은 감태 단독 이식군, 큰열매모자반 단독 이식군 및 감태/큰열매모자반 혼합 이식군 등 3가지 실험군으로 설치하여 각 실험군들의 시간에 따른 생존률 변동차이도 관찰하였다. 모니터링 결과, 1년 생존률은 감태 28.8% 및 큰열매모자반 56.9%로 이 연구에서 고안한 이식방법에서 더 높은 생존률을 기록하였다. 또한, 세 이식군 사이의 생존률은 감태/큰열매모자반 혼합이식군이 가장 높은 59.0%를 기록하였고 큰열매모자반 단독 이식군(42.1%), 감태 단독 이식군(27.5%) 순으로 나타났다. 이식 해조류의 엽체 길이는 감태의 경우 4월(47.5 cm), 큰열매모자반은 6월(121.0 cm)에 가장 크게 생장하였다. 두 분류군의 성숙한 생식기탁은 모두 8월에 관찰되었다. 이 연구결과는 에폭시 수지와 순간접착제를 이용하여 원추상 가근을 가진 해조류를 이식하는 방법이 해중림 조성에 매우 효과적으로 적용될 수 있음을 보여준다. 또한, 서로 다른 해조류를 혼합하여 이식함으로써 이식한 해조류의 생존률을 더 향상시킬 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.

키워드
생장
생존율
이식
인공기질
Ecklonia cava
Sargassum macrocarpum
References
1
Byeon SY, Oh HJ, Kim S, Yun SH, Kang JH, Park SR and Lee H J. 2019. The origin and population genetic structure of the 'golden tide'seaweeds, Sargassum horneri, in Korean waters. Scientific Reports 9, 1-13. 10.1038/s41598-019-44170-x.
2
Campbell AH, Marzinelli EM, Vergés A, Coleman MA and Steinberg PD. 2014. Towards restoration of missing underwater forests. PloS one 9, 1-11. 10.1371/journal.pone.0084106.
3
Choi CG, Serisawa Y, Ohno M and Sohn CH. 2000. Construction of artificial seaweed beds; Using the spore bag method. Algae 15, 179-182.
4
Choi CG, Kim HG and Son CH. 2002. Effect of transplantation of Ecklonia stolonifera Okamura with adhesive glue. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 35, 608-613. 10.5657/kfas.2002.35.6.608.
5
Choi CG, Kim HG and Sohn CH. 2003. Transplantation of young fronds of Sargassum horneri for construction of seaweed beds. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 36, 469-473. 10.5657/kfas.2003.36.5.469.
6
Choi DM, Ko YW, Kang RS and Kim JH. 2015. Morphological and genetic variability among Ecklonia cava (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) populations in Korea. Algae 30, 89-101. 10.4490/algae.2015.30.2.089.
7
Chung H, Cho KW, Chung KH, Kim JH, Shin J, Seo Y, Kang JS and Lee IK. 1998. Ecological characteristics of algal whitening in coastal zone of Seogwipo area, Cheju Island. Algae 13, 361-374.
8
FIRA (Korea Fisheries Resources Acency). 2015. Report: Marine afforestation project in Jeju 2014. FIRA Jeju Branch. Jeju, 168pp.
9
FIRA (Korea Fisheries Resources Acency). 2017. Final report: Exploration and production of new macroalgal species to apply to marine afforestation. FIRA, 173pp.
10
FIRA (Korea Fisheries Resources Acency). 2019. A white book for marine afforestation. FIRA, 83pp.
11
Fujita D. 2010. Current status and problems of isoyake in Japan. Bull. Fish. Res. Agen 32, 33-42.
12
García MR, Torres CA and Veiga P. 2020. Low Diversity of Intertidal Canopy-Forming Macroalgae at Urbanized Areas along the North Portuguese Coast. Diversity 12, 211. 10.3390/d12060211.
13
Garcia-Vaquero M and Hayes M. 2016. Red and green macroalgae for fish and animal feed and human functional food development. Food Reviews International 32, 15-45. 10.1080/87559129.2015.1041184.
14
Gouvêa LP, Assis J, Gurgel CFD, Serrão EA, Silveira TCL, Santos R, Duarte CM, Peres LMC, Carvalho VF, Batista M, Bastos E, Sissini MN and Horta PA. 2020. Golden carbon of Sargassum forests revealed as an opportunity for climate change mitigation. Science of The Total Environment 729, 138745. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138745.
15
Heo JS, Han SJ, Choi HG and Nam KW. 2015. A study on long-term monitoring of seaweed flora and community structure at Hakampo, western coast of Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 969-976. 10.5657/KFAS.2015.0969.
16
Hwang EK, Lee SJ, Ha DS and Park CS. 2016. Sargassum golden tides in the Shinan-gun and Jeju Island, Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, 689-693. 10.5657/KFAS.2016.0689.
17
Hwang EK and Park CS. 2020. Seaweed cultivation and utilization of Korea. Algae 35, 107-121. 10.4490/algae.2020.35.5.15.
18
Hwang SI, Kim DK, Sung BJ, Jun SK, Bae JI and Jeon BH. 2017. Effects of Climate Change on Whitening Event Proliferation the Coast of Jeju. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 31, 529-536. 10.13047/KJEE.2017.31.6.529.
19
Jeon BH, Yang KM and Kim JH. 2015. Changes in macroalgal assemblage with sea urchin density on the east coast of South Korea. Algae 30, 139-146. 10.4490/algae.2015.30.2.139.
20
JGEC (Jeju Green Environment Center). 2017. Final report: Development of restoration technique for destroyed marine environmental area using porous volcanic stone and Jeju soft coral. JGEC. Jeju, 63pp.
21
Jung SW, Jeon BH and Choi CG. 2019. Characteristics of Summer Marine Algal Community and Barren Ground in the Southern Coast of Jeju, Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety 25, 212-219. 10.7837/kosomes.2019.25.2.212.
22
Kang JC, Choi HG and Kim MS. 2011. Macroalgal species composition and seasonal variation in biomass on Udo, Jeju Island, Korea. Algae 26, 333-342. 10.4490/algae.2011.26.4.333.
23
Kang JC and Kim MS. 2012. Seasonal variation in depth-stratified macroalgal assemblage patterns on Marado, Jeju Island. Korea. Alagae 27, 269-281. 10.4490/algae.2011.26.4.333.
24
Kang JC and Kim MS. 2013. Spatial and temporal comparisons of macroalgal assemblage on Biyando, Jeju Island, Korea. J. of Basic Sciences, Jeju Nat'l Univ. 22, 111-128.
25
Kang JC, Kim MS, Hong SW, Kim SK, Kang MS, Kim SC and Lee JC. 2019. Sargassaceae in Jeju Island. Manta's Marine Lab., Jeju, Korea, 171pp.
26
Kang JW. 1968. Illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of Korea, Vol. 8. Marine algae. Samhwa press, Seoul, 466pp.
27
Kim BY, Ko JC, Ko HJ, Park SE, Cha HK and Choi HG. 2013a. Seasonal variation in community structure of subtidal seaweeds in Jeju island, Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, 607-618. 10.5657/KFAS.2013.0607.
28
Kim JK, Yarish C, Hwang EK, Park M and Kim Y. 2017. Seaweed aquaculture: cultivation technologies, challenges and its ecosystem services. Algae 32, 1-13. 10.4490/algae.2017.32.3.3.
29
Kim KY, Huh SH and Kim GH. 1996. Diversity and abundance of sublittoral macroalgae around Daedo Island, the south coast of Korea. Algae 11, 171-171.
30
Kim YD, Hong JP, Song HI, Jeon CY, Kim SK, Son YS, Han HK, Kim DS, Kim JH, Kim MR, Gong YG and Kim DK. 2007. Growth and maturation of Laminaria japonica transplanted for seaforest construction on barren ground. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40, 323-331. 10.5657/kfas.2007.40.5.323.
31
Kim YD, Hong JP, Song HI, Park MS, Moon TS and Yoo HI. 2012. Studies on technology for seaweed forest construction and transplanted Ecklonia cava growth for an artificial seaweed reef. Journal of Environmental Biology 33, 969.
32
Kim YD, Shim JM, Park MS, Hong JP, Yoo HI, Min BH, Jin HU, Yarish C and Kim JK. 2013b. Size determination of Ecklonia cava for successful transplantation onto artificial seaweed reef. Algae 28, 365-369. 10.4490/algae.2013.28.4.365.
33
Kinley RD, de Nys R, Vucko MJ, Machado L and Tomkins NW. 2016. The red macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis is a potent natural antimethanogenic that reduces methane production during in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid. Animal Production Science 56, 282-289. 10.1071/AN15576.
34
KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) 2018. http://www.weather.go.kr/weather/typoon/typhoon_06_01.jsp. Accessed December 2018.
35
Kwak CW, Chung EY, Gim TY, Lee JH and Kim YS. 2014. Marine Algal Assemblages on Artifical Reefs in Jeju-do Before and After Rocky Cleaning and the Growth Pattern of Ecklonia cava with Water Depth. Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education 26, 34-48. 10.13000/JFMSE.2014.26.1.34.
36
Ko SJ, Kim YK, Hong SW, Kang MS, Park CS, Hwang EK and Lee YD. 2020. Artificial seed production and cultivation of Sargassum macrocarpum (Fucales, Phaeophyta). Algae 35, 123-131. 10.4490/algae.2020.35.5.27.
37
MIFAFF (Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) and NFRDI (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) & Dive Korea. 2010. Ecology guidebook of marine life in the area of marine afforestation. Hangeulgraphics. Busan, Korea, 961pp.
38
MOF (Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries) and FIRA (Korea Fisheries Resources Acency). 2015. Completion report: Marine afforestation and management project at Geomun-ri, Jeonnam (afforestation: 2011, management: 2012~2014). MOF & FIRA, 78pp.
39
Murase N and Kito H. 1998. Growth and maturation of Sargassum macrocarpum C. Agardh in Fukawa Bay, the Sea of Japan. Fisheries Science 64, 393-396. 10.2331/fishsci.64.393.
40
Nimura K, Takatsuji H, Masuda S and Shimamoto J. 2007. Growth and maturation of Ecklonia cava and Eisenia arborea seedlings transplanted along the coast of Hainan, Shizuoka prefecture and the grazing caused by herbivorous fish Siganus fuscescens. Aquaculture Science 55, 541-546. 10.11233/aquaculturesci1953.55.541.
41
Ryu B, Jiang Y, Kim HS, Hyun JM, Lim SB, Li Y and Jeon YJ. 2018. Ishophloroglucin A, a novel phlorotannin for standardizing the anti-α-glucosidase activity of Ishige okamurae. Marine Drugs 16, 436. 10.3390/md16110436.
42
Scherner F, Horta PA, de Oliveira EC, Simonassi JC, Hall-Spencer JM, Chow F, Nunes JMC and Pereira SMB. 2013. Coastal urbanization leads to remarkable seaweed species loss and community shifts along the SW Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 76, 106-115. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.09.019.
43
Serisawa Y, Imoto Z, Ishikawa T and Ohno M. 2004. Decline of the Ecklonia cava population associated with increased seawater temperatures in Tosa Bay, southern Japan. Fisheries Science 70, 189-191. 10.1111/j.0919-9268.2004.00788.x.
44
Serisawa Y, Yokohama Y, Aruga Y and Tanaka J. 2002. Growth of Ecklonia cava (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) sporophytes transplanted to a locality with different temperature conditions. Phycological Research 50, 201-207. 10.1046/j.1440-1835.2002.00274.x.
45
Steneck RS, Graham MH, Bourque BJ, Corbett D, Erlandson JM, Estes JA and Tegner MJ. 2002. Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environmental Conservation 29, 436-459. DOI:10.1017/S0376892902000322. 10.1017/S0376892902000322
46
Suutari M, Leskinen E, Fagerstedt K, Kuparinen J, Kuuppo P and Blomster J. 2015. Macroalgae in biofuel production. Phycological Research 63, 1-18. 10.1111/pre.12078.
47
Yoon JT, Sun SM and Chung G. 2014. Sargassum bed restoration by transplantation of germlings grown under protective mesh cage. Journal of Applied Phycology 26, 505-509. 10.1007/s10811-013-0058-8.
48
Yoshida G, Uchida T, Arai S and Terawaki T. 1999. Development of adventive embryos in cauline leaves of Sargassum macrocarpum (Fucales, Phaeophyta). Phycological Research 47, 61-64. 10.1046/j.1440-1835.1999.00152.x.
49
Yun EJ, Choi IG and Kim KH. 2015. Red macroalgae as a sustainable resource for bio-based products. Trends in Biotechnology 33, 247-249. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.02.006.
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society of Phycology
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국조류학회
  • Journal Title :Aquatic Nature
  • Journal Title(Ko) :수생생물
  • Volume : 1
  • No :1
  • Pages :1-14
  • Received Date : 2021-05-11
  • Revised Date : 2021-05-27
  • Accepted Date : 2021-06-04
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.23135/an.2021.1.1.1
Journal Informaiton Aquatic Nature Aquatic Nature
Online Submission
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close